AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/024
1 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabratha University, Libya.
2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabratha University, Libya.
3 Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Zawia University, Libya.
*Corresponding Author: Azab Elsayed Azab, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabratha University, Libya.
Citation: Marwan T. M. Abofila, Azab E. Azab, Amal M. A. Al Shebani and Asma N. Bshena (2021) Stem Cells: Insights into Niche, Classification, Identification, Characterization, Mechanisms of Regeneration by Using Stem Cells, and Applications in Joint Disease Remedy. J, Biotech. and Bioprocessing 2(1); DOI: 10.31579/2766-2314/024
Copyright: © 2021, Marwan T. M. Abofila, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 01 January 2021 | Accepted: 05 January 2021 | Published: 01 February 2021
Keywords: stem cells; niche; classification; identification; characterization; applications in joint disease remedy
Background: Stem cell therapy has attracted much interest in the 21st century, not only because of the controversy surrounding the ethics involving pluripotent stem cells, but their potential for clinical use.
Objectives: The present review highlights the stem cells niche, types, identification, and characterization, mechanisms of regeneration by using stem cells, and applications in joint disease remedy. Stem cells could be well differentiated cells with the potential to display different cell types depending on the host niche. Niche is defined as the cellular microenvironment providing support and stimuli to control the properties of stem cells. It consists of signaling molecules, inter-cell contacts and interaction between stem cells and their extracellular matrix neighbors. Stem cells are classified according to their sources into two main types, the embryonic and non-embryonic. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into all germ layers. Non-embryonic stem cells can be sub-classified into fetal stem cells and adult stem cells. Cultured cells can be made to differentiate into exclusive lineages by providing selective media components that can be identified by histochemical staining and quantified by quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be identified based on the expression of specific proteins called surface antigen phenotype of mesenchymal stem cell markers. MSCs secrete a variety of interleukins, several neurotrophic factors, many cytokines, and growth factors. These secreted bioactive factors have both paracrine and autocrine effects, which are anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic, as well as enhance angiogenesis. Furthermore, they stimulate mitosis and differentiation of tissue-intrinsic reparative stem cells. Systemic MSC transplantation can engraft to an injured tissue and promote wound healing through differentiation, and proliferation in synergy with hematopoietic stem cells. MSCs have been shown to express a variety of chemokines and chemokine receptors and can home to sites of inflammation by migrating towards injury or inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. MSCs are proven to have immunomodulatory properties that are among the most intriguing aspects of their biology. The immunosuppressive properties of MSCs inhibit the immune response of naive and memory T cells in a mixed lymphocyte culture and induce mitogen. The systemic infusion of MSCs can be used in immunosuppressive therapy of various disorders. MSCs have become an alternative source of cells that can be drawn from several these cells have been used as treatment to repair cartilage defects at early stages sources. Using the MSCs and directing them into chondrogenic differentiation might lead to the formation of higher quality cartilage, which has a great composition of hyaline, adequate structural reorganization and therefore improved biomechanical properties.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that stem cells are classified according to their sources into two main types, the embryonic and non-embryonic. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into all germ layers. Non-embryonic stem cells can be sub-classified into fetal stem cells and adult stem cells. MSCs secrete bioactive factors that are anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic, as well as enhance angiogenesis. The systemic infusion of MSCs can be used in immunosuppressive therapy of various disorders. These cells have been used as treatment to repair cartilage defects at early stages.
Stem cells are defined as cells that can self-renew indefinitely (dividing continuously). These divisions are asymmetric. One of the two daughter cells retains the stem cell characteristics, while the other is destined for a limited number of future divisions and will produce a more organ-specific cells) and able to differentiate into various cells when induced appropriately [1]. These cells have many other properties bringing to attention its application in regenerative medicine. Stem cell therapy has attracted much interest in the 21st century, not only because of the controversy surrounding the ethics involving pluripotent stem cells, but their potential for clinical use [2].
The present review highlights the stem cells niche, types, identification, and characterization, mechanisms of regeneration by using stem cells, and applications in joint disease remedy.
Current research is focused on the microenvironment (niche) of stem cells, thus bringing several ideas that provide explanations for the stem cell line and determination of fate. A niche consists of signaling molecules, inter-cell contacts and interaction between stem cells and their extracellular matrix neighbors. The three-dimensional microenvironment is thought to control gene and properties that define the stemness, i.e., its self-renewal and development to committed cells [3]. Further studies of the niche may provide us with more information and a better understanding of the control of stem cell differentiation. Stem cells could be well differentiated cells with the potential to display different cell types depending on the host niche. In addition, stem cells located in completely different niches have the potential to differentiate into different cell types of the new environment [4]. These findings showed possible niche influence and the ability to dedifferentiate into cells from other lineages [5]. This may have clinical implications, such as neural stem cells produced when muscle cells were implanted in skeletal muscle [6] and bone marrow cells into neuronal cells when they were transplanted into an environment of neurons [7, 8]. As well as the liver and pancreas which develop from the same embryological line, specific growth factors and culture techniques can ensure the trans-differentiation of liver cells to islet cells [5]. Overall, Niche is defined as the cellular microenvironment providing support and stimuli to control the properties of stem cells. Further studies of the niche may provide us with more information and a better understanding of the control of stem cell differentiation and other cells trans-differentiation [4].
Nowadays, there are many bases to classified stem cells [9] for example, but not limited to
4.1. Classification of stem cells on the basis of potency: Stem cells can be classified by the extent to which they can differentiate into different cell types [10, 11]:
4.2. Classification of stem cells on the basis of their sources [19]:
4.3. Classification of stem cells on the basis of transplanted stem cells sources for purpose of therapy [29]:
5.1 Stemness
Stemness refers to combines the ability of stem cells to perpetuate their lineage (Self renew), to give rise to differentiated cells, and to interact with their environment to maintain a balance between quiescence, proliferation, and regeneration [34].
5.2 Morphology
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to adhere to cell culture flask and exhibit fibroblastic-like shape. Many studies have been demonstrated the effects of different culture protocols on the cell phenotype. The reports show little and no significant differences among the cells isolated by any protocol [35-37].
5.3 Cell differentiation
Differentiation is the process by which matured cells change to a specialized type. During differentiation, certain genes are turned on and become activated while others are switched off and become inactivated; a complex process tightly regulated, resulting in cell development of specific structures, which perform certain functions. Cultured cells can be made to differentiate into exclusive lineages by providing selective media components that can be identified by histochemical staining and quantified by quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [38]. The standard test to confirm the mesenchymal stem cells is differentiation of the cells into other specific cells such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes and neurons. MSCS have been seen to even differentiate into neuron-like cells. The process of differentiation normally will occur with the aid of influencing factors and it is considered the test for multipotency of MSCs [39].
5.4 Immunophenotyping
Immunophenotyping is using a flow cytometry technique to enable identification of specific cell types from complex biological samples according to the cell surface antigen expression. Mesenchymal stem cells can be identified based on the expression of specific proteins called surface antigen phenotype of mesenchymal stem cell markers. Some of these markers are present on undifferentiated MSCs and disappear during differentiation [40]. Some of these surface antigens may be expressed on the other cells but by using a profile of positive phenotypes which include Stro-1 (Stromal marker) and cluster of differentiation (CD). The specific positive phenotypes include CDI0S (Endoglin) CD106 (VCAM-1), CD10 (Antibody of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen: anti-CALLA), CD117 (Stem cell factor receptor), CD120a (TNF receptor Type I), CD120b (TNF receptor Type l), CD13 (lntegral membrane glyeoprotein), CD15 (SSEA-1,Lewis X), CD166 (ALCAM), CD271 (p57, NGFR/NTR), CD29 (Integrin bl), CD44 (Pgp-1, HCAM), CD49d (lntegrin alpha4), CD49e (Integrin alpha5), CD51(Integrin alpha V), CD71 (Tranferrin Receptor), CD73 (Ecto5' nucleotidase), CD90 (Thy-1), Flk-1 (KDR, VEGF-R2,LY-73), Ly-6A/E (Sca-1), (Intermediate filament in Vimentin CO-activator), TAZ (Transcriptional cytoskeleton) and CD14 (Monocyte or macrophage antigen). On the other hand, the negative phenotypes include CDIla (Integrin al chain), CDI 1b (Integrin alpha M chain), CD31 (PECAMI), CD34 (Mucosialin, gp 105-120) and CD45 (Leukocyte Common Antigen, Ly-5). As can be recalled, it is possible to segregate specific type of cells based on the above-mentioned phenotypes. Many studies have used this experimental technique to identify and separate the stem cells from bone marrow cells as well as tissue derived cells [41-43].
6.1 Stemness
Stemness encompasses the capability of stem cells for self-renewal and differentiation to exhibit the potential to differentiate into various lineages of cells [44]. In other words, it refers to the capacity of stem cells to self-renew and give rise to progeny capable of differentiating into diverse cell types [45].
6.2 Trophic Support
MSCs secrete a variety of interleukins such as: (L-3, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-11, IL-12, IL-14, and IL-15). Also, they secret several neurotrophic factors such as: Nerve growth factor (NGF), Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Glial cell- derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Besides that, they secret many cytokines and growth factors such as: Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Hepatocyte growth factor (HGE), Stromal derived factor (SDF), Stem Cell Factor (SCF), Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP), Oncostatin M (OSM), Macrophage inflammatory protein-1ß (MIP-1B), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase: (TIMP-1 & TIMP-2), Transforming growth factor beta: (TGF-B1 & TGF-B 2), Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Epidermal growth factor (EGF), and Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF) [46, 47]. These secreted bioactive factors have both paracrine and autocrine effects, which are anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic, as well as enhance angiogenesis [46, 48, 49]. Furthermore, they stimulate mitosis and differentiation of tissue-intrinsic reparative stem cells. These effects known as trophic effects are distinct from direct differentiation of MSCs in tissue repair. Several studies that tested the use of MSCs in different models such as myocardial infarction (heart injury), stroke (brain), or models of regeneration of the meniscus are reviewed in the context of MSC- mediated trophic effects in tissue repair [48].
6.3 Anti-inflammatory
MSCs have been proposed to have anti-inflammatory properties, which in recent years have generated much interest. The anti-inflammatory properties of MSCs are achieved through decrease or inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-1, IL- 6, TNF-a, and IFN-y, as well as increase in anti-inflammatory mediators like IL-4, IL-10, IL-11 and IL-13. These effectively reduce inflammation. There are many studies that demonstrate the beneficial effects of MSC application for restoration of the stem cell niche in damaged tissues with its anti-inflammatory activity [50-53].
6.4 Differentiation into Tissue
MSCs are thought to be multipotent cells that mainly present in bone marrow (BM) [41, 54]. Many reports have indicated that MSCs that have the potential to differentiate into a wide range of tissues, including bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, muscle tissue and both in vivo and ex vivo [35, 55]. These adult stem cells could be induced to differentiate exclusively into the adipocytic, chondrocytic, or osteocytic lineages. Individual stem cells were identified that, when expanded to colonies, retained their multi-lineage potential. In response to experimental conditions, MSCs could also differentiate into cells of three germ layers [56, 57]. This type of cross-line age differentiation is known as trans-differentiation, which implies that adult stem cells contain multi-differentiation potentials. It has been shown in vivo that MSCs can generate epithelial cell types in skin, lung, and other tissues [58, 59]. Many studies suggest that systemic MSC transplantation can engraft to an injured tissue and promote wound healing through differentiation, proliferation, and in synergy with hematopoietic stem cells [60]. A recent report suggested that the transplantation of MSCs could rebuild damaged tissues [61].
6.5 Homing to Injury Site
The homing to injury or inflammation site is a unique property for MSCs that has sparked particular interest for clinical applications aiming at using noninvasive systemic cell administration to treat injury or inflammation. MSCs have been shown to express a variety of chemokines and chemokine receptors and can home to sites of inflammation by migrating towards injury or inflammatory chemokines and cytokines [62, 63]. According to studies, the heterogeneity in the expression of surface receptors was observed, which is probably due to differences in growing conditions and limits of detection techniques, Homing of cultured MSCs, however, is inefficient compared with leukocytes. This inefficiency has been attributed to a lack of cell adhesion and chemokine receptors, but also to the size of MSCs that promote cellular passive trapping and reduce traffic [64]. Moreover, the evidence that host MSCs can mobilize in response to inflammation or injuries can be seen in the ability of systemically infused MSCs to be observed within the bone marrow or damaged tissues [65].
6.6 Immune System Modulation
MSCs are proven to have immunomodulatory properties that are among the most intriguing aspects of their biology [66]. As is widely known, the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on all cells of the body allows the immune system to distinguish self from non-self [35, 41, 67-69]. Therefore, non-self-cells or tissues are rejected by the immune system through direct or indirect pathways. Cells expressing MHC molecules stimulate T cells directly only if they have the co-stimulatory molecules, or by activating T cells through an indirect pathway where their MHC antigens are presented by professional antigen presenting cells (APC). At the end, they will be rejected by immune defenses of the body through stimulating an immune response However, in contrast, undifferentiated MSCs fail to induce immune responses, even in the presence of APCs or after provision of co-stimulatory signals. This is because the immunosuppressive properties of MSCs inhibit the immune response of naive and memory T cells in a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and induce mitogen [66, 70-78]. Previous studies showed that MSCs inhibit the division of stimulated T cells via preventing their entry into the S phase of the cell cycle and through mediating an irreversible G0/G1 phase arrest [79]. There are several contrasting studies that showed that MSCs not only appear to down-regulate the immune-reactivity of a variety of effector cells, but also escape immune rejection through escape lysis by CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes [66, 71, 80]. Indeed, there are reports suggesting that the systemic infusion of MSCs can be used in immunosuppressive therapy of various disorders [65].
Over the last decade, MSCs have become an alternative source of cells that can be drawn from several sources. These cells have been used as treatment to repair cartilage defects at early stages. The MSC-based cartilage repair has been attempted in animal models using various carrier matrices and synthetic polymers such as poly alpha-hydroxy esters (P a-hydroxy E), poly lactic acid (PLA), poly glycolic acid (PGA) and their copolymer poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) [81-83]. Delivering stem cells by using techniques like micro-fracture are performed by penetration of the subchondral bone. When the tourniquet is released, the possible recruitment of stem cells from the underlying bone marrow leads to the formation of a super clot [84, 85]. Report showed 11% of biopsies being predominantly hyaline cartilage and 17% of a mixture of fibrocartilage and hyaline [86]. However, this technique is not sufficient for large lesions and the results have not always been consistent [87]. Using the MSCs and directing them into chondrogenic differentiation might lead to the formation of higher quality cartilage, which has a great composition of hyaline, adequate structural reorganization and therefore improved biomechanical properties. Wakitani et al. [88] successfully used MSCs gel type I collagen to repair chondral o caprine model and subsequently translated it into clinical practice. Autologous bone marrow derived MSC transplantation has been used to repair full-thickness defects of articular cartilage in the knee caps of two patients [89]. Wakitani et al. [90] also reported on twelve patients suffering from knee OA (Osteoarthritis) who received MSCs injected into cartilage defects of the medial femoral condyle at the time of high tibial osteotomy. These were then covered by periosteum. Although the clinical improvement was not significantly different, MSCs treated patients had better arthroscopic and histological grading scores. In rabbit model, MSCs have been cultured then transplanted into defective cartilages, which have been created in the left medial femoral condyle. The repair tissue approximated intact cartilage and was Superior to osteo-chondral auto-grafts and repair by innate mechanisms [91]. These findings suggest that repair of cartilage defects in the rabbit can be enhanced by the implantation of cultured MSCs [92]. In the near future, a new approach for OA could be the use of MSCs to inhibit disease progression. In OA, it has been demonstrated that stem cells are depleted and/or have reduced proliferation and differentiation capacity [93]. Thus, systemic or local administration of stem cells could increase the population of regenerative cells and possibly induce repair or inhibit the progression of the disease. Local delivery of adult MSCs suspended in sodium hyaluronan into injured joints of a caprine OA model showed that. the MSCs stimulated regeneration off meniscal tissue. Degenerated cartilage, osteophytic remodeling, and subchondral sclerosis were reduced in the cell-treated joints compared to controls [94]. These experiments implicate that MSCs hold exciting promise for regenerating meniscus and preventing OA. A group of researchers from Singapore have used this procedure clinically, with promising results [8]. In a sheep model of OA treated with autologous BMSCs cultured in chondrogenic medium, there was Clear evidence of articular cartilage regeneration [95].
It can be concluded that stem cells could be well differentiated cells with the potential to display different cell types depending on the host niche. Stem cells are classified according to their sources into two main types, the embryonic and non-embryonic. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into all germ layers. Non-embryonic stem cells can be sub-classified into fetal stem cells and adult stem cells. MSCs secrete bioactive factors that are anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic, as well as enhance angiogenesis. The systemic infusion of MSCs can be used in immunosuppressive therapy of various disorders. These cells have been used as treatment to repair cartilage defects at early stages.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
